60), but I'd rather have peanut butter with bananas. Narrative Citation Ex: According to Kruse (2015), 'American consumers naturally associate jelly with peanut butter' (p. Parenthetical Citation Ex: Although some believe 'mint jelly is the classic accompaniment to lamb', many will argue that cream cheese is the best option (Kruse, 2015, p.60). Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Parenthetical Citation Ex: Project X was projected to be completed early 2003 (E. Instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase 'personal communication,' and the date of the communication in your main text only.

Personal communications are not included in your reference list. Narrative Citation Ex: The CDC (2019) goes on to stress the importance of using soap and water to wash your hands. Parenthetical Citation Ex: It is important to use soap and water when washing your hands (CDC, 2019). All subsequent citations: Use the abbreviation. Narrative Citation Ex: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2019), washing your hands is one of the best ways to stay healthy and avoid getting sick. Parenthetical Citation Ex: One of the best and easiest ways to keep from getting sick is to have good hand hygiene (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Group Authors First time citing: Introduce the abbreviation with the full name. (2013) state that washing before meals contributes to decreased likelihood of sickness.

Parenthetical Citation Ex: Hand washing before meals contributes to decreased likelihood of sickness (Cooney et al., 2013). Narrative Citation Ex: According to Hunter & Simmons (2015), golden retrievers are the friendliest breed of dog in the United States. Parenthetical Citation Ex: Golden retrievers are the friendliest breed of dog in the United States (Hunter & Simmons, 2015). Parenthetical Citation Ex: The study of 312 participants confirmed that riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous (Printz, 2012). Narrative Citation Ex: In her study of 312 participants, Printz (2012) confirmed that riding a bike without a helmet is dangerous.

Parenthetical abbreviations for words